|
Zizhu chuangxin () is a term frequently used in China by the Chinese government, academics, and businesses to describe the China technological-led economic transformation in the past decades. The two terms '自主' (''Zizhu'' in English mean 'self-governed' or 'self-determined'), '创新' (''Chuangxin'' means 'innovation' (noun) or 'innovate' (verb)) are separate terms. However, they had a much interesting and profound meaning from evolutionary economics point of view. The term is increasingly become an international topic of discussion especially the Chinese government, led by the China Communist Party (CCP), aimed to transform China to become a scientifically and technologically advanced country in year 2020 〔Chinese Government (2006), Link: http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2006-02/09/content_183787.htm accessed 21 August 2011〕 with self-driven 'unique' scientific and technological capabilities, knowledge and intellectual properties. The Chinese government had increasingly invested into science and innovation related projects through 10th, 11th and 12th National Five Year Plan.〔 == History == The term Zizhu chunagxin 自主创新 (hereby roughly translated as 'Indigenous Innovation') first appeared in 1994 when Dr. Chen Jin referenced the term in his research on technologically-led innovation in the electronic industry in China.〔Chen (1994), From Technological Importation to Self-Innovative Learning Mode, Science Research Management, Issue 15, No.2, Mar 1994.〕 It has been increasingly used since 2006 after Hu Jintao, General Secretary of China Communist Party, President of People's Republic of China and Wen Jiabao, Premier of People's Republic of China declared to develop China to become an 创新型国家 translated as 'Innovation-oriented' nation by Suttmeier et al. (2006).〔Suttmeier et. al (2006), China's Innovation Challenge and the Remaking of the Chinese Academy of Sciences', Innovation, Summer 2006. MIT Press.〕 How to identify and develop (nurture) self-motivated indigenous capabilities 自主创新能力 among individual, enterprises, research organizations and universities become hot topics among Chinese government, academics, and business circles. So far academics 〔Gao and Xu (2011), The Status Quo of Independent Innovation Researches of Enterprise and Analysis therefore: Based on Five Perspectives (www.paper.edu.cn accessed 21 August 2011)〕 in China do not come to any conclusion on the appropriate English translation of the term, however, most popular translations include but not limited to the followings: (1) Endogenous Innovation (from neo-classical economics perspective, also from growth theory); (2) Indigenous Innovation (from evolutionary economics, resource based view perspectives); (3) Others including 'Self-reliant Innovation'; 'Self-determined Innovation'; 'Self-oriented Innovation'; 'Self-directed Innovation'; and 'Independent Innovation'. However, the Chinese term remains the same '自主创新' and has become one of the core concepts of Chinese economic reform. For more on the topic, please see China People's Daily 〔China Daily Online (2006), Link: http://theory.people.com.cn/GB/40557/56837/index.html accessed 21 August 2011〕 In the United States, the pioneering research on how technological-led indigenous innovation evolved in China was done by late Dr. Qiwen Lu. In Lu's (PhD 1997, Harvard, US) thesis on the emergence and growth of three of China's major computer companies, Stone, Legend, and Founder (also see Lazonick 2004),〔Lazonick (2004), Indigenous Innovation and Economic Development: Lessons from China's Leap into the Information Age, Industry and Innovation, Vol.11 No.4, page 273-297〕 his approach on the theory of innovative enterprise in China was developed. Lu's book on 'China's Leap into the Information Age' was published by Oxford University Press in 2000, with updated analyses of Stone, Legend, and Founder as well as the inclusion of the case of Great Wall. Lu died shortly after the publication. In China, publications on science and technological innovation started to accumulate from 1993 (Nian 2000)〔Nian, 连燕华 (2000), National Innovation System - a new analytical framework, Studies of Science of Science, Vol.18 No.4, page 71-75〕 and the concept of National Systems of Innovation started to develop lead by several research organizations in China such as China State Council Development Research Center (DRC) 国务院发展研究中心; Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIPM) and Tsinghua University. In March 2013, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the China Communist Party called for a strong innovation-led growth in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) National Committee Meeting, see Xinhua (2013).〔Xinhua News (2013), Xi urged innovation driven growth. Retrieved 4 March 2013, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-03/04/c_132207617.htm〕 The China innovation policy is expected to continue and lead the country from low cost, production-led economy (low- to medium-technology industries) gradually move on to 'Knowledge Based Economy' (medium- to high-technology product or service economy). However, the discussions on Zizhu chuangxin did not touch much on the traditional industries from evolutionary economics perspective which characterized by their highly original, traditional and/or cultural-rich knowledge and practices. Indigenous knowledge and skills as assets were used, improved and still play a key part in many traditional sectors in developed and emerging countries (e.g., food & drink sector; cultural and entertainment sector). Lai in his PhD study (PhD 2013, Manchester, UK) 〔Lai (2013), 'Systems of Innovation: Case Study on How Traditional Chinese Medicine build Knowledge and Capability through Collaborations.' PhD thesis, University of Manchester.〕 investigated the case of Chinese medicine's innovation processes and used the term 'Indigenous Innovation' to differentiate it from the technological-driven innovation perspective. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zizhu chuangxin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|